英格兰保护区的法规和共识机制——兼论对中国居住型历史地段保护的启示

中国居住型历史地段存在种种争议,缺乏共识机制是重要原因。英格兰保护区已经50年历程,居住功能在大量保护区中属于主导功能或为主要功能,保护体系公众认可度很高。本文聚焦英格兰保护区体系中与法规相结合的共识机制,探究其如何贯穿于保护区的"指定—保护—发展"的全环节。文章认为应结合中国国情,基于共识理论进行借鉴:一方面建议厘清主体责任、增加管理规划,以完善法规和规划体系;另一方面,要设定公共参与程序、构筑支持网络以促进共识,并积极探索社区发展规划。     

Research on the Spatial–Temporal Changes of Regional Morphology of Residential Neighborhoods in County-Level Cities of China: Cases Studies on Qingcheng County,Wu’an City,Changxing County,Lianjiang County,and Jintang County

The extensive growth in most Chinese cities at the expense of local identities of living settlement. Taking the 60 residential neighborhoods in county-level cities of varied climate zones in China as examples, this paper explores their spatial–temporal changes and differences in morphology, based on 12 morphological indicators through Principal Component Analysis and correlation analysis by ArcGIS 10.2, SPSS 22, and Origin 2021. The results show that 1) the construction dating of the 60 sample neighborhoods conforms to the development of China’s housing reform; 2) the spatial morphology of residential neighborhoods in county-level cities of different climate zones could be charaterized by 5 factors, i.e. neighborhood shape, development intensity, neighborhood size, layout order, and aggregation degree; 3) the disparities in the spatial morphology of residential neighborhoods in the same climate zone in different period of time are mostly indicated with 3 morphological indicators, i.e. Building Density, Neighborhood Area, and Green Space Ratio; rather, the morphology of residential neighborhoods built during a same period of time varies largely between climate zones, mainly indicated with Green Space Ratio, Degree of Building Angle Disorder, and Degree of Building Distance Disorder; and 4) China’s housing policies, climatic conditions, residential building patterns, and the urbanization of each city together influence the spatial–temporal changes in the spatial morphology, offering references to policy making, planning, and construction to protect the regional characteristics in the future.     

田子坊历史街区保护与再利用实践中商居混合矛盾的财产 权问题

田子坊的保护和再利用是由普通市民和众多产业个体一起参与的、自下而上的历史街区保护与再利用实践。然而新的利益分配格局也带来了新的矛盾和问题。本研究对田子坊街区保护和再利用的发展中商业与居住混合的状况进行了实证调查,从新制度经济学家巴泽尔(Barzel Y.)和科斯(Coase R.H.)的财产权理论的视角分析和理解田子坊中商居混合产生的困境和矛盾,结论得出田子坊商居混合矛盾的根本原因在于田子坊历史街区保护与再利用的过程中其居住空间财产权的再次划分。因此,对该历史街区中财产权的深入认识可能为解决这一空间利益冲突的问题提供新的契机。     

居住区规划设计中的工业遗产保护与再利用模式研究——以西安市陕西重型机械厂改造规划设计为例

随着对工业遗产价值的认知,探索工业遗产保护与再利用途径,已渐成为国内外城市延续历史文脉、彰显特色的重要举措。近年来,城市工业厂区搬迁后被转化为居住用地的比例呈压倒性趋势,如何将居住区开发和工业遗产保护紧密结合,是城市可持续发展面临的重要而紧迫的课题。该文通过西安市陕西重型机械厂改造规划的设计研究,提出工业遗址区的居住区规划设计思路和框架。从厂区资源、规划定位、社区需求以及经济性诸方面确定厂区的更新策略,探寻工业遗产保护与居住区道路系统、绿化系统、公建系统、空间环境系统规划设计的契合点,构建具有鲜明工业文化特色的现代居住社区。     

“茶—文化—旅游”三元协同的山间小镇建设模式探究 ——以武夷山市星村镇为例

以星村镇的发展实践为山地城镇建设的剖析标本,将地域性的文化基因、文脉特质等内容融入到其城镇建设模式的分析之中。基于对星村镇特色要素与功能的梳理,确定自身的区域发展品牌,引导形成其发展定位,并通过发展定位传递到城镇建设中需要关注的经济承载、空间特色凸显和空间方案建构等具体内容之中,指导星村镇"茶—文化—旅游"三元协同的镇区建设模式成型。     

夏热冬冷地区居住建筑夏季人员开窗行为实测与建模研究

开关窗是建筑使用者控制室内热环 境和改善室内空气品质最直接且简单的手 段,同时对建筑节能也有重要影响,因此对 人员开关窗行为的定量化描述是非常必要 的。本研究通过对夏热冬冷地区—?—自贡市 7户住宅夏季人员开窗行为的实际监测,得到 以下结论：发现实测样本中存在三种明显差 异的典型开窗行为,分别是习惯性开窗型、 高强度开窗型和习惯性关窗型;对非环境因 素分析得出,一天中不同时段以及家庭成员 吸烟与否对开窗概率影响显著,而是否为工 作日以及住户所在楼层对开窗概率无明显影 夏热冬冷地区居住建筑夏季人员开窗行为实测与建模研究 * 刘奕巧　王新如　崔　颖　魏　绅　潘　嵩　LIU Yiqiao, WANG Xinru, CUI Ying, WEI Shen, PAN Song Measurement and Modelling of Occupants’ Window Opening Behavior in Residential Buildings in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Regions in Summer 中图分类号 TU228 文献标识码 B 文 章 编 号 2095-6304（2021）05-15-09 作者简介 刘奕巧： 吉林建筑大学寒地建筑综合节能教育部重点实 验室,马来亚大学机械工程学院,博士研究生 王新如（ 通讯作者）：天津商业大学机械工程学院,讲 师,xinru5263@ticu.edu.cn 崔　颖：宝武清洁能源武汉有限公司 魏　绅： 伦敦大学学院巴特莱特可持续建筑学院,副教授 潘　嵩： 吉林建筑大学寒地建筑综合节能教育部重点 实验室,北京工业大学绿色建筑环境与节能 技术重点实验室,教授 *寒地建筑综合节能教育部重点实验室开放课题项目; 河北省国际科技合作基地（20594501D）;“十三五”国 家重点研发计划(2017YFC0702200) 响;对于环境因素而言,当室外温度超过32 ℃,开窗概率开始降低,空调开启比例升高;室外温 度超过37 ℃,空调开启比例达到100%,但开窗比例仍有11.1%;建立了基于二元逻辑回归的夏季 高强度开窗行为预测模型,模型的预测准确率达到了86%,而室外温度是该模型最为重要的预 测因子。本文的研究成果可以用于细化能耗模拟软件及室内空气品质评价软件对该类型住宅建 筑开窗行为特征的描述,对住宅建筑节能设计、运行、改造以及住宅室内空气品质和热舒适研 究均有一定程度的参考意义。     

Life cycle assessment of domestic fuel cell micro combined heat and power generation: Exploring influential factors

Residential Fuel Cell micro combined heat and power (FC-μCHP) systems can help decarburizing the energy system. In the European ene.field project, the environmental performance of FC-μCHP under different conditions was therefore evaluated by means of a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Important influential factors were explored, i.e. heating demands, full load hours (FLHs) and electricity replacement mixes (ERMs). The systems were compared with a stand-alone Gas Condensing Boiler (GCB) and a heat pump (HP, only in single family homes, SFHs). For the initially assumed FLHs and the current ENTSO-E ERM, relevant environmental impacts including climate change are generally smaller for the FC-μCHPs than for the HP and the stand-alone GCB. In the setting “existing SFHs in central climate” with the highest deployment potential, GHG emission savings are higher the more carbon-intensive the ERM is and/or higher the net electricity export into the grid is. The results are discussed and put into perspective. Further research demands as well as product development opportunities are outlined. The importance of a green hydrogen economy is emphasized.     

Measuring the rebound effect: A case study of residential photovoltaic systems in San Diego

This study examines the effect of solar photovoltaic system installation on the electricity consumption in residential households across various geographic regions in San Diego. Using meter-level data, the electricity consumption for residential households is calculated before and after installation to assess whether there are any significant rebound effects in usage. Results reveal significant variations in the change in electricity usage depending on geographical location. The findings are relevant to regional resource planning and climate response, as the failure to account for the rebound effect may result in significant overestimation of the energy and emissions benefits of distributed renewable energy adoption.     

Household consumption of electricity in Brazil between 1985 and 2013

This article describes the electricity consumption in Brazilian residences between 1985 and 2013 through linear regressions. The explanatory variables considered were the number of households, effective consumption of families as a proxy for family income, and electricity tariff for households. To deal with the power generation crisis of 2001 we have introduced a dummy variable in the form of a step function. With such explanatory variables, we were able to account for the reduction of household electricity consumption caused by the policies conducted in 2001 and their permanent consequences. The regression presented coefficient of determination of 0.9892, and the several statistic tests conducted assured the existence of long-term relation between the electricity consumption in residences and the explanatory variables. The obtained elasticities for the household consumption of electricity with respect to number of residences, family income and residential tariff of electricity were 1.534±0.095, 0.189±0.049, and −0.230±0.060, respectively. These results allowed understanding the evolution over time of the household consumption of electricity in Brazil. They suggest that the electric sector in Brazil should pursue an active policy to manage demand of residential electricity using tariffs as a means to control it.     

浅析住宅小区景观的人性化设计——以海口耀江花园为例

本文通过分析住宅小区景观的人性化设计现状及当前所存在的问题，以海南海口耀江花园为例。从审关需求和人文关怀两个方面进行分析，强调人性化设计在住宅小区景观规划中的重要作用，以期为未来小区景观的人性化设计提供参考。